author of what many consider to be the first autobiography in the english language?

Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin

Cover of the kickoff English edition of 1793.
Author	Benjamin Franklin
Original title	Mémoires de la vie privée de Benjamin Franklin
Land	United States
Language	American English
Genre	Autobiography
Publisher	Buisson, Paris (French edition) J. Parson's, London (First English language reprint)
Publication engagement	1791
Published in English	1793

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin is the traditional proper name for the unfinished record of his own life written past Benjamin Franklin from 1771 to 1790; nonetheless, Franklin himself appears to have called the work his Memoirs. Although it had a tortuous publication history later Franklin's death, this piece of work has become one of the most famous and influential examples of an autobiography ever written.

Franklin's business relationship of his life is divided into four parts, reflecting the dissimilar periods at which he wrote them. There are actual breaks in the narrative between the first three parts, but Office Three'south narrative continues into Part Four without an authorial break.

In the "Introduction" of the 1916 publication of the Autobiography, editor F. Westward. Pino wrote that Franklin'due south biography provided the "about remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin equally the greatest exemplar.^[1]

Summary [edit]

Function One [edit]

Role I of the Autobiography is addressed to Franklin's son William, at that time (1771) Royal Governor of New Jersey. While in England at the estate of the Bishop of St Asaph in Twyford, Franklin, at present 65 years old, begins by proverb that it may be agreeable to his son to know some of the incidents of his father's life; so with a calendar week'south uninterrupted leisure, he is beginning to write them down for William. He starts with some anecdotes of his grandfather, uncles, father and mother. He deals with his babyhood, fondness for reading, and service as an apprentice to his brother James Franklin, a Boston printer and publisher of the New-England Courant. After improving his writing skills through study of the Spectator by Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele, he writes an bearding paper and slips it under the door of the printing house by night. Not knowing its author, James and his friends praise the paper and it is published in the Courant, which encourages Ben to produce more than essays (the "Silence Dogood" essays), which are besides published. When Ben reveals his authorship, James is angered, thinking the recognition of his papers will make Ben too vain. James and Ben accept frequent disputes, and Ben seeks a fashion to escape from working under James.

Eventually James gets in trouble with the colonial assembly, which jails him for a short fourth dimension and then forbids him to go on publishing his paper. James and his friends come up up with the stratagem that the Courant should hereafter be published under the name of Benjamin Franklin, although James will still really be in command. James signs a discharge of Ben's apprenticeship papers but writes up new private indenture papers for Ben to sign which will secure Ben'south service for the residual of the agreed fourth dimension. Only when a fresh disagreement arises between the brothers, Ben chooses to go out James, correctly judging that James will not dare to produce the hole-and-corner indenture papers. ("It was non fair in me to take this Reward", Franklin comments, "and this I therefore reckon one of the first Errata of my life".) James does, however, make information technology impossible for Ben to become piece of work anywhere else in Boston. Sneaking onto a ship without his male parent or blood brother'due south knowledge, Ben heads for New York Metropolis, but the printer William Bradford is unable to apply him; withal, he tells Ben that his son Andrew, a Philadelphia printer, may be able to use him since ane of his son's principal employees had just died.

By the fourth dimension Ben reaches Philadelphia, Andrew Bradford has already replaced his employee but refers Ben to Samuel Keimer, another printer in the city, who is able to give him work. The Governor, Sir William Keith, takes notice of Franklin and offers to prepare him up in business for himself. On Keith's recommendation, Franklin goes to London for press supplies, simply when he arrives, he finds that Keith has not written the promised alphabetic character of recommendation for him, and that "no one who knew him had the smallest Dependence on him". Franklin finds piece of work in London until an opportunity arises of returning to Philadelphia equally an banana to Thomas Denham, a Quaker merchant; but when Denham takes sick and dies, he returns to manage Keimer's shop. Keimer soon comes to feel that Franklin's wages are as well high and provokes a quarrel which causes the latter to quit. At this point a fellow employee, Hugh Meredith, suggests that Franklin and he set upward a partnership to starting time a press shop of their own; this is subsidized by funds from Meredith's father, though most of the work is washed by Franklin as Meredith is not much of a press worker and is given to drinking.

They establish their business concern, and plan to start a newspaper, but when Keimer hears of this program, he rushes out a paper of his ain, the Pennsylvania Gazette. This publication limps forth for iii quarters of a year earlier Franklin buys the paper from Keimer and makes it "extremely profitable". (The Saturday Evening Post traces its lineage to Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette.) The partnership also receives an date equally printer for the Pennsylvania assembly. When Hugh Meredith'due south father experiences financial setbacks and cannot go on bankroll the partnership, two friends separately offer to lend Franklin the coin he needs to stay in business organisation; the partnership amicably dissolves as Meredith goes to North Carolina, and Franklin takes from each friend half the needed sum, continuing his business in his ain proper noun. In 1730 he marries Deborah Read, and later this, with the help of the Junto, he draws upwardly proposals for Library Visitor of Philadelphia. At this bespeak Part One breaks off, with a memo in Franklin's writing noting that "The Affairs of the Revolution occasion'd the Break".

Role 2 [edit]

The 2d part begins with two letters Franklin received in the early on 1780s while in Paris, encouraging him to continue the Autobiography, of which both correspondents take read Office One. (Although Franklin does not say and then, there had been a breach with his son William after the writing of Part 1, since the father had sided with the Revolutionaries and the son had remained loyal to the British Crown.) At Passy, a suburb of Paris, Franklin begins Part Two in 1784, giving a more detailed account of his public library plan. He and so discusses his "bold and arduous Project of arriving at moral Perfection", listing thirteen virtues he wishes to perfect in himself. He creates a volume with columns for each solar day of the week, in which he marks with black spots his offenses against each virtue.^[ii] Of these virtues, he notices that Order is the hardest for him to keep. He somewhen realizes that perfection is non to be attained, but feels himself better and happier because of his endeavour.

Role Three [edit]

Outset in August 1788 when Franklin had returned to Philadelphia, the author says he will non be able to utilize his papers equally much as he had expected since many were lost in the recent Revolutionary War. He has, withal, found and quotes a couple of his writings from the 1730s that survived. One is the "Substance of an intended Creed" consisting of what he then considered to exist the "Essentials" of all religions. He had intended this every bit a basis for a projected sect but, Franklin says, did not pursue the project.

In 1732, Franklin first publishes his Poor Richard'south Annual, which becomes very successful. He also continues his assisting paper. In 1734, a preacher named Rev. Samuel Hemphill arrives from County Tyrone Ireland; Franklin supports him and writes pamphlets on his behalf. Even so, someone finds out that Hemphill has been plagiarizing portions of his sermons from others, although Franklin rationalizes this past saying he would rather hear skillful sermons taken from others than poor sermons of the man'due south own composition.

Franklin studies languages, reconciles with his brother James, and loses a iv-year-former son to smallpox. Franklin'southward club, the Junto, grows and breaks up into subordinate clubs. Franklin becomes Clerk of the General Associates in 1736 thus entering politics for the first time, and the following twelvemonth becomes Comptroller to the Postmaster General, which makes it easier to get reports and fulfill subscriptions for his paper. He proposes improvements to the city's spotter and fire prevention regulations.

The famed preacher George Whitefield arrives in 1739, and despite pregnant differences in their religious behavior, Franklin assists Whitefield past printing his sermons and journals and lodging him in his house. As Franklin continues to succeed, he provides the capital for several of his workers to start printing houses of their own in other colonies. He makes further proposals for the public practiced, including some for the defense of Pennsylvania, which cause him to contend with the pacifist position of the Quakers.

In 1740 he invents the Franklin stove, refusing a patent on the device considering it was for "the adept of the people". He proposes an academy, which opens later on coin is raised by subscription for it and it expands so much that a new edifice has to be constructed for it. Franklin obtains other governmental positions (city councilman, alderman, burgess, justice of the peace) and helps negotiate a treaty with the Indians. Afterwards helping Dr. Thomas Bond establish a hospital, he helps pave the streets of Philadelphia and draws up a proposal for Dr. John Fothergill about doing the same in London. In 1753 Franklin becomes Deputy Postmaster General.

The next year, equally war with the French, is expected, representatives of the several colonies, including Franklin, meet with the Indians to discuss defense; Franklin at this fourth dimension draws upwardly a proposal for the union of the colonies, but it is not adopted. General Braddock arrives with two regiments, and Franklin helps him secure wagons and horses, but the full general refuses to take Ben's warning about danger from hostile Indians during Braddock's planned march to Frontenac (now Kingston, Ontario). When Braddock'due south troops are subsequently attacked, the general is mortally wounded and his forces abandon their supplies and abscond.

A military is formed on the ground of a proposal by Benjamin Franklin, and the governor asks him to have command of the northwestern Frontier. With his son as aide de camp, Franklin heads for Gnadenhut, raising men for the military machine and building forts. Returning to Philadelphia, he is called colonel of the regiment; his officers honor him past personally escorting him out of town. This attention offends the proprietor of the colony (Thomas Penn, son of William Penn) when someone writes an business relationship of it in a letter to him, whereupon the proprietor complains to the government in England about Franklin.

At present the Autobiography discusses "the Rise and Progress of [Franklin's] Philosophical Reputation." He starts experiments with electricity and writes letters near them that are published in England as a book. Franklin'south description of his experiments is translated into French, and Abbé Nollet, who is offended because this work calls into question his own theory of electricity, publishes his own book of letters attacking Franklin. Declining to reply on the grounds that anyone could duplicate and thus verify his experiments, Franklin sees another French author refute Nollet, and every bit Franklin'due south book is translated into other languages, its views are gradually accepted and Nollet'due south are discarded. Franklin is also voted an honorary member of the Purple Society.

A new governor arrives, simply disputes between the assembly and the governor continue. (Since the colonial governors are jump to fulfill the instructions issued by the colony'southward proprietor, there is a standing struggle for power between the legislature and the governor and proprietor.) The assembly is on the verge of sending Franklin to England to petition the King confronting the governor and proprietor, only meanwhile Lord Loudoun arrives on behalf of the English language government to mediate the differences. Franklin nevertheless goes to England accompanied by his son, after stopping at New York and making an unsuccessful attempt to be recompensed past Loudoun for his outlay of funds during his militia service. They get in in England on July 27, 1757.

Part Four [edit]

Written sometime between November 1789 and Franklin'south death on Apr 17, 1790, this section is very brief. Afterwards Franklin and his son get in in London, the erstwhile is counselled by Dr. Fothergill on the best way to abet his crusade on behalf of the colonies. Franklin visits Lord Grenville, president of the Male monarch'due south Privy Council, who asserts that the king is the legislator of the colonies. Franklin then meets the proprietaries (the switch to the plural is Franklin'southward, so apparently others besides Thomas Penn are involved). Merely the corresponding sides are far from any kind of agreement. The proprietaries enquire Franklin to write a summary of the colonists' complaints; when he does so, their solicitor for reasons of personal enmity delays a response. Over a yr later, the proprietaries finally respond to the associates, regarding the summary to be a "flimsy Justification of their Carry." During this delay the assembly has prevailed on the governor to pass a taxation act, and Franklin defends the act in English courtroom and so that information technology can receive royal assent. While the assembly cheers Franklin, the proprietaries, enraged at the governor, turn him out and threaten legal action against him; in the final judgement, Franklin tells us the governor "despis'd the Threats, and they were never put in Execution".

[edit]

Title folio of the original edition of the autobiography in French.

Despite authoring the constituent parts of his autobiography separately and over the course of multiple decades, Franklin intended his limerick to stand every bit a unified piece of work. According to editors J. A. Leo Lemay and P. M. Zall, Franklin began writing function one of the autobiography in July or August 1771, which is likewise when he most likely authored an outline for the whole work.^[3] Over a decade later in 1782, Franklin was prompted by leading Philadelphia merchant Abel James to continue writing the autobiography. In a letter to Franklin that was ultimately included in the autobiography, James wrote of the work:

"If information technology is not nevertheless continued, I hope thou wilt not delay information technology, Life is uncertain as the Preacher tells us, and what volition the World say if kind, humane and chivalrous Ben Franklin should leave his Friends and the Earth deprived of so pleasing and profitable a Piece of work, a Work which would be useful and entertaining not only to a few, simply to millions."^[4]

Franklin subsequently completed Part Two while living in France in 1784. Part Three was authored in 1788-1789 after Franklin returned to the United States, and Function Four was authored by an ailing Franklin in the final stages of his life.^[5]

The Autobiography remained unpublished during Franklin'due south lifetime. In 1791, the get-go edition appeared, in French rather than English language, equally Mémoires de la vie privée de Benjamin Franklin, published in Paris. This translation of Part One merely was based on a flawed transcript made of Franklin's manuscript before he had revised it. This French translation was then retranslated into English language in two London publications of 1793, and one of the London editions served as a basis for a retranslation into French in 1798 in an edition which also included a fragment of Part Two.

The showtime 3 parts of the Autobiography were showtime published together (in English) by Franklin's grandson, William Temple Franklin, in London in 1818, in Volume 1 of Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Benjamin Franklin. West. T. Franklin did non include Part Four because he had previously traded abroad the original hand-written holograph of the Autobiography for a copy that contained only the first three parts. Furthermore, he felt free to brand unauthoritative stylistic revisions to his granddad's autobiography, and on occasion followed the translated and retranslated versions mentioned above rather than Ben Franklin's original text.

Westward. T. Franklin'due south text was the standard version of the Autobiography for half a century, until John Bigelow purchased the original manuscript in French republic and in 1868 published the most reliable text that had withal appeared, including the first English publication of Function Four. In the 20th century, important editions by Max Ferrand and the staff of the Huntington Library in San Marino, California (Benjamin Franklin's Memoirs: Parallel Text Edition, 1949) and by Leonard W. Labaree (1964, equally part of the Yale University Press edition of The Papers of Benjamin Franklin) improved on Bigelow'southward accurateness. In 1981, J. A. Leo Lemay and P.Thou. Zall produced The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: A Genetic Text, attempting to prove all revisions and cancellations in the holograph manuscript. This, the most accurate edition of all then far published, served as a basis for Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition and for the text of this autobiography printed in the Library of America's edition of Franklin'southward Writings.

The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin as well became the offset full-length audiobook in history, which was voiced past thespian Michael Rye and released in 1969.^{[half dozen]}

Reactions to the work [edit]

In Frank Woodworth Pino'due south introduction of the 1916 publication published by Henry Holt and Company, Pino wrote that Franklin's biography provided the "about remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men" with Franklin every bit the greatest exemplar of the "cocky-made human".^[1]

Franklin is a adept type of our American manhood. Although not the wealthiest or the most powerful, he is undoubtedly, in the versatility of his genius and achievements, the greatest of our cocky-made men. The uncomplicated all the same graphic story in the Autobiography of his steady rise from humble boyhood in a tallow-chandler store, by manufacture, economy, and perseverance in cocky-improvement, to eminence, is the well-nigh remarkable of all the remarkable histories of our self-made men. It is in itself a wonderful illustration of the results possible to be attained in a land of unequaled opportunity past following Franklin's maxims.

—Frank Woodworth Pine 1916

Franklin'due south Autobiography has received widespread praise, both for its historical value as a record of an important early on American and for its literary style. Information technology is often considered the starting time American volume to be taken seriously by Europeans as literature.^{[ citation needed ]} William Dean Howells in 1905 asserted that "Franklin's is one of the greatest autobiographies in literature, and towers over other autobiographies as Franklin towered over other men." By the 1860s, use of the Autobiography and its delineation of Franklin's manufacture and relentless self-improvement had go widespread every bit an instructive model for youth. So much and so that Marker Twain wrote an essay humorously castigating Franklin for having "brought affliction to millions of boys since, whose fathers had read Franklin's pernicious biography".^[7] D. H. Lawrence wrote a notable invective in 1923 against the "middle-sized, sturdy, snuff-coloured Doctor Franklin," finding fault with Franklin's try at crafting precepts of virtue and perfecting himself.

Many other readers take establish the work's tone complacent, with its frequent references to the universal esteem Franklin claims to enjoy in nearly all times and places throughout his life. Franklin's repeated, highly specific references to his own pursuit of money has struck many readers as off-putting.^[8]

Nevertheless, responses to The Autobiography have generally been positive. Franklin's fame does not keep him from being downwards-to-earth and outgoing; he faces up to mistakes and blunders ("errata"), and presents personal success as within the reach of anyone willing to work for it.

13 Virtues from Benjamin Franklin Section nine [edit]

"Temperance. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation."

"Silence. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avert trifling chat."

"Order. Let all your things take their places; let each role of your business organisation have its time."

"Resolution. Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve."

"Frugality. Brand no expense only to exercise good to others or yourself; i.eastward., waste nothing."

"Manufacture. Lose no fourth dimension; be always use'd in something useful; cut off all unnecessary deportment."

"Sincerity. Use no hurtful cant; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly."

"Justice. Incorrect none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty."

"Moderation. Avert extremes; forbear resenting injuries and then much as you think they deserve."

"Cleanliness. Tolerate no uncleanliness in trunk, apparel, or habitation."

"Tranquility. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable."

"Guiltlessness. Rarely apply venery but for wellness or offspring, never to dullness, weakness, or the injury of your ain or another's peace or reputation."

"Humility. Imitate Jesus and Socrates."^[9]

Manuscripts and editions to 1900 [edit]

Manuscripts

• Lost original draft, 1771.
• Re-create discovered past Abel James, 1782, given by John Bigelow to the Pierpont Morgan Library, MA 723.
• Le Veillard Copy, returned past Thomas Jefferson in May 1786 and lost, Veillard's translation of this text was acquired in 1908 by the Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• William Short Copy, ordered by Thomas Jefferson in 1786, Jefferson Papers, Manuscript Partition, Library of Congress.
• William Temple Franklin Copies, purchased by Library of Congress with Henry Stevens papers in 1882, Franklin Papers, Series Two, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
• Holograph Manuscript purchased from Church building past Henry Huntington, Henry Huntington Library, San Marino, California. View annotated text and MS page images at Literature in Context: An Open Anthology of Literature .

Printed editions (1790–1901)

• Stuber, Henry. "History of the Life and Character of Benjamin Franklin." Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine. 4 (May, June and July 1790), 268–72, 332–39, 4–9.
• Carey, Mathew. "Short sketch of the life of Dr. Franklin." American Museum. 8 (July, Nov 1790), 12–xx, 210–12. Internet Annal
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires de la vie privée de Benjamin Franklin écrits par lui-méme, et adressés a son fils; suivis d'united nations précis historique de sa vie politique, et de plusieurs pièces, relatives à ce père de la liberté. Translated by Jacques Gibelin. Paris: F. Buisson Libraire, 1791.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Works of the late Md Benjamin Franklin: consisting of his life written by himself: together with Essays, humorous, moral & literary, chiefly in the manner of the Spectator: in ii volumes. Edited by Benjamin Vaughan and Richard Price. London: Printed for G.G.J. and J. Robinson, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The private life of the late Benjamin Franklin. London: J. Parsons, 1793.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: Benjamin Johnson, 1794.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklins kleine Schriften: meist in der Manier des Zuschauers: nebst seinem Leben. Weimar: Im Verlage des Industrie-Comptoirs, 1794.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Doctor Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Richard Price. New-London, CN: Charles Holt, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Vie de Benjamin Franklin écrite par lui-même; suivie de ses œvres morales, politiques et littéraires, dont la plus grande partie due north'avoit pas encore été publiée. Edited and translated by J. Castera. Paris: F. Buisson, 1798.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works of the late Dr. Benjamin Franklin; consisting of his life written past himself: together with essays humorous, moral, and literary; chiefly in the manner of the Spectator. New York: John Tiebout, 1799.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Works of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin Consisting of His Life, Written by Himself: Together with Essays, Humorous, Moral and Literary, Chiefly in the Manner of the Spectator: to Which Is Added, Not in Any Other Edition, an Examination Before the British House of Lords Respecting the Stamp Human activity. Philadelphia: Wm. W. Woodward, 1801.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Complete Works in Philosophy, Politics, and Morals, of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin, At present First Collected and Arranged: With Memories of His Early on Life. Edited by Marshall. London: J. Johnson, and Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1806.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the life and writings of Benjamin Franklin. Edited past William Franklin. Philadelphia: T.S. Manning, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of the Late Dr. Benjamin Franklin. New York. Evert Duyckinck, 1813.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of the life and writings of Benjamin Franklin. London: Henry Colburn, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Dr. Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: B.C. Buzby, 1818.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Mémoires sur la vie de Benjamin Franklin écrits par lui-même. Paris: Jules Renouard, 1828.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Memoirs of Benjamin Franklin. Edited past William Temple Franklin, William Duane, George B. Ellis, and Henry Stevens. Philadelphia: M'Carty & Davis, 1831.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The works of Benjamin Franklin. Edited past Jared Sparks. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, and Company, 1836–1840.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. Boston: Tappan and Dennet, 1844.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin: His Autobiography; With a Narrative of His Public Life and Services. Edited by Weld, H. Hastings. New York: Harper and Bros., 1849.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: published verbatim from the original manuscript, by his grandson, William Temple Franklin. Edited by Jared Sparks. London: Henry G. Bohn, 1850.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Benjamin Franklin'southward Autobiography. Leipzig: Alphons Dürr, 1858.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin edited from his manuscript. Edited by John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott & Co., 1868.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Life of Benjamin Franklin. Edited past John Bigelow. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1874.
• Franklin, Benjamin. Franklin'southward adolescence: from his autobiography. Old South Leaflets, No. 5. Boston: Beacon Press, 1883. Google books
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin edited past Professor Henry Morley. Cassell's National Library. London, Paris, New York & Melbourne: Cassell & Visitor, 1883
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, and a sketch of Franklin's life from the point where the autobiography ends, drawn chiefly from his letters. With notes and a chronological historical table. Boston: Houghton, 1886.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Complete Works of Benjamin Franklin: Including His Private too every bit His Official and Scientific Correspondence, and Numerous Letters and Documents Now for the Start Time Printed, With Many Others Not Included in any Former Collection: As well the Unmutilated and Right Version of his Autobiography. Edited by John Bigelow and Henry Bryan Hall. New York and London: One thousand. P. Putnam'due south Sons, 1887–1888.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York and London: Grand. P. Putnam's Sons, 1889.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Prepared for use in schools. Edited by J. W. Abernethy. English language Classic Series. no. 112–113. New York: Charles E. Merrill Co., 1892.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. Philadelphia: H. Altemus, 1895.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York and Cincinnati: American Book Company, 1896.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin and a Sketch of Franklins Life: From the Signal Where the Autobiography Ends. Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, and Co., 1896.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The life of Benjamin Franklin: Franklin's autobiography with the continuation by Jared Sparks. Französische und Englische Schulbibliothek, 52. Edited by Franz Wüllenweber. Leipzig: Renger, 1899.
• Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin: Poor Richard'south Almanac and other papers. New York: A. L. Burt Co., 1900.

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Pine, Frank Woodworth, ed. (1916). "Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin". Illustrated by E. Boyd Smith. Henry Holt and Company via Gutenberg Printing.
2. ^ "Projection for Moral Pefection" Study Guide Archived 2012-01-24 at the Wayback Machine at What So Proudly We Hail Curriculum
3. ^ Franklin, Benjamin (1986). Lemay, J.A. Leo; Zall, Paul M. (eds.). Benjamin Franklin's autobiography : an authoritative text, backgrounds, criticism. New York: Norton. ISBN0393017370.
4. ^ "Abel James Persuades Franklin to Write His Autobiography". Founder of the Solar day . Retrieved 2021-05-nineteen .
5. ^ "Benjamin Franklin's Autobiography: Finding Franklin, A Resource Guide (Virtual Programs & Services, Library of Congress)". www.loc.gov . Retrieved 2021-05-19 .
6. ^ "Voiceover actor Michael Rye dies at 94, Bridged the generations from radio to videogame work". Diverseness. 2012-09-25. Retrieved 2012-ten-xx .
7. ^ Twain, Mark (1995). Essays and Sketches of Mark Twain, p. 58. Barnes & Noble, Inc.
8. ^ Birch, Dinah, ed. (7th ed. 2009). The Oxford Companion to English Literature, p. 391. Oxford Academy Press.
9. ^ "The Project Gutenberg eBook of "Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin."". world wide web.gutenberg.org . Retrieved 2021-09-11 .

Sources [edit]

• J. A. Leo Lemay & P. M. Zall, eds., Benjamin Franklin'south Autobiography: A Norton Critical Edition (NY: Norton, 1986). ISBN 0-393-95294-0. (Used for nigh information in article, including quotes from Autobiography text, history of publication, and disquisitional opinions).
• Benjamin Franklin: Writings, ed. J. A. Leo Lemay (NY: Library of America, 1987). ISBN 0-940450-29-one. (Notes on p. 1559 are source for dating of Function Four.)

External links [edit]

• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Standard Ebooks
• "The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin" Literature in Context: An Open Album of Literature. Web, 2019.
• Description from EarlyAmerica.com
• Spark Notes
• Text of the Autobiography from EarlyAmerica.com
• Public Domain MP3 Audiobook from Librivox.org
• Benjamin Franklin'due south Autobiography, Library of Congress
• The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Projection Gutenberg, [EBook #148], Editor: Eliot Charles William, Release Date: May 22, 2008, [Last updated: November 10, 2011]
• Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #20203], Editor: Frank Woodworth Pine, Illustrator: E. Boyd Smith, Annotation: Bharles. W. Eliot, Release Date:
• Vie de Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome I at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #18455]
• Vie de Benjamin Franklin, écrite par lui-même – Tome II at Project Gutenberg, [EBook #22016]

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Autobiography_of_Benjamin_Franklin

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